Diabetes mellitus is a very serious disease, to which, according to statistics, almost every fourth person is susceptible. Given that today the number of patients exceeds the figure of 350 million people, the diet for diabetes mellitus is being carefully studied, which, according to experts, should be followed not only by patients, but also by persons predisposed to the development of the disease.
Excess weight, genetic predisposition or stomach diseases can lead to a sharp cessation of insulin production and other unpleasant manifestations, and adhering to a diet will become a necessary measure to maintain a normal state.
Characteristics of nutrition in diabetes mellitus
The diet for diabetes can vary significantly depending on the type of disease. As a rule, there are 2 main types of diabetes mellitus, where there are several forms and rules of nutrition, which is due to the causes of metabolic disorders and the conversion of sugar into glucose.
But any kind of disease requires compliance with general dietary habits.
Basic nutritional guidelines for diabetes
Diet for diabetes should be carried out in strict accordance with the basic rules. So for both types of disease, there are the following aspects in the diet:
- The diet should contain protein, fat and carbohydrates in a balanced ratio in relation to the presence of disease.
- The number of meals should increase slightly. So you should eat every 3-4 hours in small portions, dishes for diabetics should be low in calories.
- The caloric content of foods and dishes should be calculated carefully and carefully - should not exceed the daily energy consumption. Otherwise, the chances of gaining weight increase, which in diabetes is fraught with complications.
- Almost every diet for patients with the presented disease follows the foundations of a correct and balanced diet. You should include in the diet vegetables and fruits, carbohydrates and proteins, do not neglect fats and amino acids.
It should be noted that each patient should consult his or her healthcare professional on a nutritional basis for his or her specific case. It is not recommended to follow a specific diet, even if it is intended for people with diabetes, without consulting a doctor.
The attending physician must calculate the calorie content for the patient, as well as make certain changes according to the individual characteristics of the organism.
Type 1 diabetes and diet
Strange as it may sound, the type 1 diabetes diet is based on proper insulin administration, so here you should consider the use of foods that significantly increase blood sugar.
It turns out that for such patients, food does not require any restrictions, it is only necessary to carry out accurate calculation and timely administration of insulin in the blood. The following principles and rules for insulin administration are present here:
- Foods that do not contain a lot of carbohydrates in their composition should not be considered. For example, meat and fish, eggs and cheese, cottage cheese and butter can be consumed in reasonable quantities, but their consumption should not be reduced or eliminated.
- Only products that contain carbohydrates can be counted - these are flour and confectionery products, as well as vegetable products and liquid dairy products.
Insulin should be administered according to the amount of food consumed. You also need to adjust in time to food consumption. Here you should use the following principles and rules for insulin administration:
- if treatment occurs with short-acting insulin, then its introduction occurs 20 minutes before meals;
- if treatment occurs with insulin of medium duration of action, then its introduction occurs 40 minutes before the meal;
- when the combined type of insulin is used, it is administered according to the scheme 20 minutes before breakfast, every 3 hours during the day and half an hour before a full dinner.
The insulin dose should be calculated according to the amount of food consumed. The calculation is performed by calculating the bread units (XE).
The unit is a 25 g loaf of bread (10-12 g carbohydrate), which raises a person's blood sugar by 1. 8 mmol / L.
The attending physician can tell you exactly about the calculations. Also, for an accurate calculation of insulin dose, you should study the table, which shows the indicators of carbohydrate content in each product.
Type 2 diabetes and diet
The type 2 diabetes diet is significantly different from the type 1 diet. Here, not only the products allowed for consumption should be considered, but also the caloric content of the daily diet should be carefully monitored. So here are the following indicators:
- the normal daily calorie content should be in the range 1600-2500 kcal, depending on the patient's weight and energy consumption;
- in the presence of excess weight, the calorie content necessarily decreases to 1300-1500 kcal;
- if there is a lot of excess weight, the attending physician can reduce the calorie content to 1000 kcal per day;
- there are cases when the excess weight significantly exceeds the norm and the daily calorie content is reduced to 600-900 kcal.
The caloric content of food should be calculated by the attending physician, as it takes into account not only the indicators of a person's weight, but also the presence of diseases such as heart arrhythmias, severe chronic diseases, gout and mental disorders.
The diet for type 2 diabetics is as follows:
- Carbohydrates of the total daily diet should not exceed 55%. Preference should be given to those products that are saturated with vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. For example, whole grain breads, cereals, legumes and vegetables. As for products containing sugar, they are completely abandoned. Instead of sugar, it is allowed to consume xylitol or sorbitol in the amount of 0. 5 g per 1 kg of patient weight, divided simultaneously into 2-3 doses.
- Protein for a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is allowed according to the physiological norm of a healthy person - 90 g per day. Preference should be given to lean meat in the form of poultry, lean fish and cottage cheese. The daily intake of protein in the diet is 15-20%.
- 30% of the daily ration contains fats, which come to the body to a greater extent from vegetable oils.
- They consume salt and fatty foods in limited quantities.
Experts advise to take seriously the diet of patients with diabetes. It is better to make a menu for every day, for 2-3 days or even a whole week.
It will not be superfluous to present to the attending physician, who will be able to make adjustments according to the patient's health condition.
Characteristics of a low carb diet for type 2 diabetes
As a rule, most patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight, which requires immediate elimination, so that a person can more easily tolerate the disease and not expose the body to sharp and sensitive "jumps" of levels. of blood sugar.
Thus, many experts suggest a low carb diet for type 2 diabetes. What is it?
Scientists have suggested that it is quite difficult for sick people to adhere to proper nutrition and basic principles immediately after being diagnosed with their disease.
Moreover, the main task here is the loss of excess weight, therefore, the patient must reduce calorie intake, which is not always possible.
So a person begins to suffer from the sharp drop in blood sugar level, which follows in connection with constant hunger. This, according to scientists, can be easily avoided by eating more protein.
Protein foods are great for weight loss. In addition, in diabetes mellitus, protein foods are safer. This diet is more reminiscent of the well-known "Kremlin" of all.
But such a diet should be used only with the permission of the attending physician, as taking protein in the body in large quantities can be dangerous to health and provoke a worsening of chronic diseases.
If the presented diet is followed, it is recommended to take special vitamins for diabetics, which will be prescribed by the attending physician.
Principles and bases of diet "Table number 9".
Most specialists support not only proper nutrition but also the use of special medical diets.
So especially for patients with the disease presented, a diet called "Table No. 9" was developed, which corresponds to the approved list of all medical nutritional foundations.
It shows exactly how we should eat with diabetes mellitus, lists the allowed and forbidden foods.
The menu presented is also divided into two categories, which correspond to the first and second type of disease. But there are general principles to be learned and followed to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
Principles of diet "Table number 9".
The presented diet contains basic principles that should be considered without discussion. These include the following aspects:
- Meals can be taken up to 6 times a day. The main feature is that you have to eat every 3 hours in small portions.
- The menu for diabetics is compiled without the inclusion of fried, spicy, fatty foods.
- You can only eat boiled, stewed and baked dishes.
- Sweets for diabetics should be replaced with natural products or with the addition of sweeteners.
"Table No. 9" contains a complete list of foods allowed for consumption, rich in vitamins and other useful trace elements. You should pay attention to fruits with high ascorbic acid content, which are allowed to be consumed in small quantities during the day.
What you can eat with diabetes
The presented diet completely tells patients what can be eaten with diabetes mellitus of any kind. These foods are recommended to be included in the diet to maintain sugar levels and prevent complications. Allowed products include:
- all flour products made from cereals and wholemeal flour;
- sausages with a low fat content and fat inclusions;
- all types of fish associated with low-fat varieties;
- all kinds of lean meat;
- greens and green vegetables;
- low sugar fruits;
- oats, buckwheat and millet are allowed by cereals;
- any low-fat dairy product;
- tea, freshly squeezed juices from fruits and vegetables allowed, herbal teas allowed from drinks.
Allowed foods are consumed according to the above rules and characteristics, depending on the type of disease.
What not to eat with diabetes
In the diet "Table number 9" there is a list of foods that are forbidden, they should be consumed with maximum vigilance and accuracy. The list of banned products includes:
- all kinds of sweets, including sweets with high sugar content (kind of jam);
- fatty poultry meat;
- salinity in the form of salted fish, salted canned food and other pickles;
- fat-fermented and potable milk products, for example, skim milk, cream and yoghurt;
- you can not eat strong meat soups;
- pasta, rice and oatmeal are forbidden - they increase the level of sugar;
- hot spices, seasonings, snacks;
- sweet fruits;
- industrial juices from packaging - they have a high sugar content;
- any alcoholic beverage.
The type of disease in this case does not in any way affect the possibility of consuming forbidden foods. According to experts, even patients with type 1 diabetes should adhere to a diet so as not to aggravate the situation.
Controversial fruits and vegetables for diabetes
There are some controversial issues in the diet of people with diabetes. Saying that natural products are allowed, including spices, doctors themselves begin to restrict patients in their use. What is the reason for this?
Controversial fruits in diabetes
The article has repeatedly mentioned that in the presence of the presented disease are allowed to consume unsaturated fruits. They contain little sugar, and therefore, will not harm the patient in any way.
However, what fruits can be eaten with diabetes mellitus, even patients with long experience do not know exactly. There is no need to talk about banning the use of grapes, but there are some controversial fruits, including:
- Dates. Is it possible to eat persimmon with diabetes mellitus, if its taste seems a little sweet. It is this fact that confuses most patients.
As it turns out, in fact, this fruit contains many vitamins, amino acids, trace elements and sucrose. This fact allows even sick people to use persimmon, as it has a beneficial effect on the body. But this fruit also has a high glycemic index - 70%.
It turns out that you can eat persimmons, but only in limited quantities - 70 g of fruit is 1 XE. Dates for type 2 diabetes mellitus are also allowed for consumption, but in limited quantities - no more than 1 fruit per day.
- Mandarinat. Citrus fruits are allowed for diabetics, but in moderation. But whether it is possible to eat tangerines with diabetes mellitus is a moot point.
The fact is that tangerines contain a large amount of carbohydrates, which leads to a sharp rise in blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. Therefore, experts advise not to eat tangerines, even in moderation.
- Watermelon and melon. In late summer, melons ripen, which encourages patients to eat watermelon and melon.
These berries have a high glycemic index - 75% and 65%, respectively. This leads to a sharp release of sugar into the patient's blood, which provokes regret and leads to fainting.
These products for diabetics are prohibited or require the use of bread units. Each patient should consult the attending physician, who can calculate the allowable dose of fruit for consumption.
Controversial vegetables and roots in diabetes mellitus
The use of vegetables in diabetes mellitus is also the subject of controversy.
Many patients do not even realize that vegetables and root crops like potatoes, carrots, beets and tomatoes are under the strictest ban.
The vegetables listed contain a large amount of glucose, starch and sugar, which is unacceptable for consumption by patients with diabetes mellitus.
The following products are also subject to review:
- Jerusalem artichoke for diabetesRecommended for use by many experts. It contains many amino acids, trace elements and inulin, which is at least 80%. This enzyme is a polysaccharide composed of numerous fructose chains. It turns out that this root vegetable should not be consumed in unlimited quantities, but should be included in the diet for diabetes mellitus, as its benefit lies in preventing the occurrence of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Pumpkin is a useful vegetable for diabetics. It contains a large amount of proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, which have a positive effect on weight control and maintenance and also contribute to weight loss. As a result, it turns out that pumpkin with type 2 diabetes mellitus should definitely be eaten, you just need to carefully monitor the amount of product in a service, because here it also has a high sugar content.
- Sauerkraut with diabetes also causes a lot of controversy because, as mentioned above, salting for patients is prohibited. However, this type of saline is allowed to be consumed by patients with type 2 diabetes. Cabbage and pickles improve metabolism, resulting in gradual weight loss. It also has beneficial qualities for the work of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, you can use sauerkraut, but only in small quantities.
By looking at recipes for diabetics, you can discover many interesting things in the use of foods, including vegetables and fruits.
Here, you need to carefully consider the required amount of cooking products. If necessary, you should calculate the amount of food you are allowed to consume.
Healthy foods for diabetes
For diabetics, some natural products only act as a beneficial effect on the functioning of the whole body. Thus, for example, you can not completely rule out glucose consumption. It is the foundation of most processes in the human body, which acts as an integral part.
Based on the necessity and benefits of using natural products for diabetes mellitus, scientists give their list, which lists all the properties that should be followed when choosing and at the time of designing a diet.
Dear
Most patients refuse to consume honey. It seems to them that it contains a lot of sugar and glucose. As it turns out, this natural product is only 40% sucrose. But it contains the same amount of glucose, which can stop the use of honey for diabetes.
However, experts say that honey is simply irreplaceable for diabetes. They can replace regular and ordinary sugar.
A portion of honey for type 2 diabetes should not exceed 1-2 tablespoons. Divide it into several steps: add to baked goods or tea.
cinnamon
Cinnamon is mandatory for patients with type 2 diabetes. Due to the composition of the spice in the body, it increases the sensitivity of cells to the insulin produced, which helps to normalize and lower blood sugar levels.
In addition, cinnamon in diabetes helps cleanse blood vessels and internal organs from toxins and toxins, which has a positive effect in preventing thrombophlebitis and other serious diseases.
For a pleasant cinnamon application, add half a teaspoon to tea or coffee. You can also sprinkle all the dishes with a little spice, according to your taste and preferences.
Laurel leaf
The laurel leaf in diabetes mellitus is necessary for use, but is contraindicated in the presence of serious diseases. So, this natural product should be used to strengthen immunity, to speed up metabolism, to cleanse the body of toxins and toxins.
On the other hand, laurel leaves should not be consumed by people with late stage diabetes, kidney disease or stomach ulcer.
The laurel leaf is mandatory for type 2 diabetes, where the patient is overweight and has high cholesterol.
The use of laurel leaves is allowed in the form of a sauce for dishes, but it is even more useful to use an infusion. To prepare, take 10 bay leaves and pour three cups of boiling water.
Leave the infusion for infusion for 3-4 hours. Take the composition of 100 g up to three times a day and a half hours before meals. This will help you keep your glucose levels at the right level.
Stevia
Almost no one knows about the benefits of stevia in diabetes mellitus, but regular use of the infusion helps maintain glucose at the required level, strengthens blood vessels, lowers cholesterol and blood pressure, and significantly improves blood microcirculation.
The collection is easy to buy at the pharmacy. It should be brewed according to the instructions presented and the herbal tea should be drunk hot and in small sips.
Eat with diabetes mellitus correctly, in accordance with the basic recommendations of specialists. This way you can keep your blood sugar level at a healthy level and feel good in any emergency.